1. Healing Properties: Beeswax contains vitamin A—the bioavailable form of retinol palmitate—which is known for its skin-healing properties. Studies show it may support skin cell regeneration and help soothe minor cuts, burns, and wounds, aiding in the healing process.

2. Locking in Nutrients: When used in skincare, beeswax helps seal in the beneficial ingredients of other ingredients, such as tallow, honey, or olive oil. Beeswax creates a strong, non-comedogenic barrier that maximizes the benefit of the effects of skincare products.

3. Natural Healing Balm: Beeswax-based balms are commonly used to provide relief for dry skin conditions, chapped lips, cracked heels, rough elbows, and other areas that need extra hydration and protection.

1. Claim: Dental laboratory technicians commonly experience irritant contact dermatitis due to frequent contact with irritants, yet traditional barrier creams can reduce the required tight grip of tools and risk contamination. As such, the authors compared two commercial barrier creams with a moisturizer containing either urea or beeswax. Of those receiving the first commercial cream, 58% reported a “good” or “very good” response, compared to 67% with the second commercial cream. On the contrary, 77% with the urea-containing moisturizer and 98% with the beeswax-containing moisturizer reported a “good” or “very good” response. Furthermore, improvement of skin condition, including erythema, infiltration, vesicles, fissures, and scaling, was as follows: 35% (barrier cream 1), 44% (barrier cream 2), 55% (urea-containing moisturizer), and 98% (beeswax-containing moisturizer), depicting superior performance of beeswax-containing moisturizers in comparison with the commercial barrier creams
   Source: Frosch P, Peiler D, Grunert V, Grunenberg B. Efficacy of barrier creams in comparison to skin care products in dental laboratory technicians – a controlled trial. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2003; 1: 547-557. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0353.2003.03701.x
   
   
2. Claim: Another study by Al-Waili (2005) tested a mixture containing honey (50%), olive oil (29%), and beeswax (21%) on infants with diaper dermatitis. In this pilot study, use of the mixture consistently reduced mean total rash score, from 2.91 ± 0.79 at baseline to 0.66 ± 0.98 at the end of the study. A majority of participants (10/12 patients) had mild to no diaper dermatitis at their final visit (Day 7). 
   Source: Al-Waili N. Clinical and mycological benefits of topical application of honey, olive oil and beeswax in diaper dermatitis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005; 11: 160-163. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.01013.x
   
   
3. Claim: (31) second-degree burn victims received the treatment mixture, and (33) second-degree burn victims received the clinic's routine dressing (control). They found the treatment mixture to significantly reduce epithelization initiation time, mean pain scores, and hospitalization duration (p < 0.05). Furthermore, whereas infections occurred in 6.1% of control group wound cultures, no infections occurred in experimental group wound cultures, likely due to the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties of A. tinctoria, beeswax, and olive oil
   Source:: Gümüş K, Özlü ZK. The effect of a beeswax, olive oil and Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch mixture on burn injuries: an experimental study with a control group. Complement Ther Med. 2017; 34: 66-73. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2017.08.001
   
   
4. Claim: Beeswax has been shown to be non-irritating and generally has a low comedogenic potential
   Source: Fulton JE. Comedogenicity and irritancy of commonly used ingredients in skin care products. J Soc Cosmet Chem. 1989; 40(6): 321-333.
   
   
5. Claim: Beeswax has lubricating, softening activities and reduces transepidermal water loss from skin. Sterols, which are also components of intercellular space, provide these characteristics of beeswax. Squalene, 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid and flavonoids (chrysin) provide antiseptic properties to this product, and protect the skin against pathogenic microorganisms. Beeswax constitutes a protective barrier against many external factors by forming a film on the skin surface. β-carotene present in beeswax is a valuable source of vitamin A, into which it is converted. Vitamin A delays collagen degradation, stimulates mitotic division in the epidermis, thus leads to sooner regeneration of the skin after damage
   Source (1): Kędzia B., Hołderna-Kędzia E. The use of beeswax in medicine. [(accessed on 12 July 2019)];Pasieka. 2014 3 Available online: https://pasieka24.pl/index.php/pl-pl/pasieka-czasopismo-dla-pszczelarzy/108-pasieka-3-2014/1319-wykorzystanie-wosku-pszczelego-w-lecznictwie [Google Scholar]
   Source (2): Buchwald R., Breed M.D., Bjostad L., Hibbard B.E., Greenberg A.R. The role of fatty acids in the mechanical properties of beeswax. Apidologie. 2009;4:585–594. doi: 10.1051/apido/2009035. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

1. Cell Membrane Integrity: Choline is a component of phosphatidylcholine, a type of phospholipid that is a major structural component of cell membranes. Healthy cell membranes are essential for maintaining skin barrier function, which helps to retain moisture and protect against environmental stressors.

2. Anti-inflammatory Effects: Choline is involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter with anti-inflammatory properties. By modulating inflammatory responses in the body, choline may indirectly help to reduce inflammation associated with skin conditions such as acne, eczema, and psoriasis.

3. Detoxification: Choline is a precursor to betaine, a compound that supports liver function and helps with the detoxification of the body. Efficient detoxification pathways may contribute to clearer, healthier-looking skin by reducing the buildup of toxins and waste products that can affect skin health.

4. Collagen Synthesis: Choline plays a role in the methylation process, which is involved in the synthesis of collagen, a protein that provides structure and elasticity to the skin. Adequate choline intake may support collagen production, helping to maintain skin firmness and reduce the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines.

5. Cell Signaling: Choline is involved in various signaling pathways within cells, influencing processes such as gene expression, cell growth, and differentiation. Optimal cell signaling is essential for skin renewal and repair, contributing to overall skin health and vitality.

1. Claim: Choline is an essential component of cell membrane integrity because it plays a role in the synthesis of the phospholipid membranes.

Michel V, Yuan Z, Ramsubir S, Bakovic M. Choline transport for phospholipid synthesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2006 May;231(5):490-504. doi: 10.1177/153537020623100503. PMID: 16636297.

1. Moisturizing: Coconut oil is rich in fatty acids, particularly lauric acid, which helps to deeply hydrate and nourish the skin. It forms a protective barrier that locks in moisture, making it especially beneficial for dry and dehydrated skin.

2. Antimicrobial properties: Lauric acid also exhibits antimicrobial properties, making coconut oil effective against certain bacteria, viruses, and fungi. This can help prevent infections and promote faster healing of wounds, cuts, and minor skin irritations.

3. Anti-inflammatory: Coconut oil contains compounds like capric acid and caprylic acid, which have anti-inflammatory properties. Applying coconut oil topically can help reduce inflammation and soothe irritated skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and dermatitis.

4. Antioxidant effects: Coconut oil contains antioxidants such as vitamin E, which help protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals and environmental stressors. This can help slow down the aging process and keep the skin looking youthful and radiant.

5. Improves skin barrier function: The fatty acids present in coconut oil help strengthen the skin's natural barrier, which is essential for maintaining optimal skin health. A healthy skin barrier helps to retain moisture, protect against environmental pollutants, and prevent moisture loss.

1. Claim 1: Our research work described the effect of Virgin Coconut Oil [VCO] on skin inflammation that VCO was capable of suppressing Lipopolysaccharides [LPS] induced pro inflammatory cytokine stimulation in Human monocytic leukaemia (THP-1) cells. We found that VCO suppressed the pro inflammatory cytokines in both protein and gene expression level.
   
   Claim 2: This study demonstrated that VCO significantly decreases the LPS-induced TNF-α production in THP-1 cells and VCO as such had very high impact on TNF-α reduction in the cell culture medium and showed significant inhibition of both TNF- α secretion and mRNA expression.
   Source: Varma SR, Sivaprakasam TO, Arumugam I, Dilip N, Raghuraman M, Pavan KB, Rafiq M, Paramesh R. In vitro anti-inflammatory and skin protective properties of Virgin coconut oil. J Tradit Complement Med. 2018 Jan 17;9(1):5-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.06.012. PMID: 30671361; PMCID: PMC6335493.
   
   
2. Claim: coconut oil has demonstrated many advantages to meet the requirements for the composition of an anti-aging cosmetic product with the ability to moisturize, antioxidant, strengthen the skin barrier and support regeneration collagen in ECM
   Source: Pham TL, Thi TT, Nguyen HT, Lao TD, Binh NT, Nguyen QD. Anti-Aging Effects of a Serum Based on Coconut Oil Combined with Deer Antler Stem Cell Extract on a Mouse Model of Skin Aging. Cells. 2022 Feb 9;11(4):597. doi: 10.3390/cells11040597. PMID: 35203249; PMCID: PMC8870445.
   
   
3. Claim: From this review, it can be concluded that VCO is beneficial for various dermatological disorders. It has antifungal and antibacterial properties and also acts as an immunomodulator. It also has anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, wound-healing, and skin protective properties.
   Source: Umate, Nishigandha & Parwe, Shweta & Kuchewar, Vaishali. (2022). A narrative review on use of virgin coconut oil in dermatology. Journal of Indian System of Medicine. 10. 86-89. 10.4103/jism.jism_34_22. 

1. Antiseptic Properties: Sandalwood oil is believed to have antiseptic properties, which may help in treating acne and preventing infections on the skin.

2. Anti-Inflammatory Properties: It is suggested that sandalwood may possess anti-inflammatory properties, potentially aiding in soothing irritated or inflamed skin.

3. Anti-Cancer Properties: Sandalwood is thought to have anticancer properties targeting various pathways in carcinogenesis. 

1. Claim: The sandalwood oil also suppressed the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1b, in keratinocytes and reduced irritant dermatitis in mouse skin stimulated with haptens
   Source: Itoi-Ochi, Saori, et al. "Sandalwood oil downregulates skin inflammation through 11β-HSD1 activation in keratinocytes."Journal of Dermatological Science84.1 (2016): e134.
   
   
2. Claim: In two papers published in 2013, Saraswati reported that alpha-santalol, the primary component of SAO [sandalwood album oil], is anti-angiogenic and inhibits the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma and prostate tumors in vitro and in vivo
   Source (1): Saraswati, S., P. K. Kanaujia, and S. S. Agrawal. "OP-03 α-Santalol demonstrates antitumor and antiantiangiogenic activities in models of hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo."Digestive and Liver Disease45 (2013): S249-S250.
   
   Source (2): Saraswati, Sarita, Shakti Kumar, and Abdulqader A. Alhaider. "α-santalol inhibits the angiogenesis and growth of human prostate tumor growth by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-mediated AKT/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway."Molecular cancer12 (2013): 1-18.
   
   
3. Claim: Studies suggest that α-santalol is a safe and promising cancer chemopreventive/therapeutic agent with potential to target various pathways involved in carcinogenesis 
   Source: Santha, Sreevidya, and Chandradhar Dwivedi. “Anticancer Effects of Sandalwood (Santalum Album).” Anticancer Research, International Institute of Anticancer Research, 1 June 2015, ar.iiarjournals.org/content/35/6/3137.short.

1. Anti-inflammatory Properties: Lavender has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties, making it beneficial for soothing and calming inflamed skin conditions such as acne, eczema, and dermatitis. Studies have demonstrated lavender's ability to inhibit inflammatory pathways and reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

2. Antimicrobial Activity: Lavender exhibits antimicrobial properties, making it effective against various bacteria and fungi that can cause skin infections and acne. Research has shown that lavender essential oil has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi like Candida albicans.

3. Wound Healing: Lavender has been found to promote wound healing by accelerating the formation of granulation tissue and increasing collagen synthesis. Studies have demonstrated lavender's ability to enhance wound contraction and epithelialization, leading to faster healing.

4. Antioxidant Activity: Lavender contains antioxidants that help protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress and preventing premature aging. Research has shown that lavender essential oil exhibits antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation.

1. Claim: Lavender has been documented for the treatment of abrasions, burns, stress, headaches, due to the promotion of new cell growth, skin problems and the boosting an immune system.

Source: Babar Ali, Naser Ali Al-Wabel, Saiba Shams, Aftab Ahamad, Shah Alam Khan, Firoz Anwar, Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, Volume 5, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 601-611, ISSN 2221-1691, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.05.007.

2. Claim: Lavender aromatherapy in volunteers provided a significant decrease in the stress levels and in the BIS values. In addition, it significantly reduced the pain intensity of needle insertion.

Source: Kim, Sioh, et al. "The effect of lavender oil on stress, bispectral index values, and needle insertion pain in volunteers."The journal of alternative and complementary medicine17.9 (2011): 823-826.

3. Claim: The free radical scavenging capacity of the lavender essential oil was determined using the stable radical, DPPH. As expected, the lavender essential oil presented antioxidant activity and this ability was concentration-dependent.

Source: SILVA, GABRIELA L., et al. "Antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of lavender essential oil."Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências87 (2015): 1397-1408.

4. Claim: Lavender Oil at doses of 75 and 100 mg/kg inhibited edema formation already in the first phase of carrageenan effect showing similar anti-inflammatory effects to COX antagonist (indomethacin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, used as reference drug) and only dose of 250 mg/kg LEO treatment inhibited edema formation in the second phase of carrageenan induction with a similar effect to COX-2 selective antagonist (celecoxib, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, used as reference drug). COX-2, an inducible enzyme found in activated inflammatory cells, plays a crucial role in cytokine production and prostanoid mediator release.

Source: Cardia, Gabriel Fernando Esteves, et al. "Effect of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essential oil on acute inflammatory response."Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine2018 (2018).

1. Claim: Truly one of nature’s great emollients, squalene is quickly and efficiently absorbed deep into the skin, restoring healthy suppleness and flexibility without leaving an oily residue
   Source: Blasco, Laurent, et al. "Skin Constituents as Cosmetic Ingredients. Part I: A Study of Bio‐mimetic Monoglycerides Behavior at the Squalene‐Water Interface by the “Pendant Drop” Method in a Static Mode."Journal of dispersion science and technology27.6 (2006): 799-810.
   
   
2. Claim: Experimental studies have shown that squalene can effectively inhibit chemically induced skin, colon, and lung tumorigenesis in rodents 
   Source: Auffray, B. "Protection against singlet oxygen, the main actor of sebum squalene peroxidation during sun exposure, using Commiphora myrrha essential oil."International journal of cosmetic science29.1 (2007): 23-29.
   
   
3. Claim: Sebaceous glands are small glands in the skin which secrete an oily matter (sebum) in the hair follicles to lubricate the skin and hair of animals. In humans, they are found in the greatest abundance on the face and scalp, although they are distributed throughout all skin sites except the palms and soles. Squalene is one of the predominant components (about 13%) of sebum
   Source: Pragst, F., et al. "Wipe-test and patch-test for alcohol misuse based on the concentration ratio of fatty acid ethyl esters and squalene CFAEE/CSQ in skin surface lipids."Forensic science international143.2-3 (2004): 77-86.
   
   
4. Claim: Squalene is not very susceptible to peroxidation and appears to function in the skin as a quencher of singlet oxygen, protecting human skin surfaces from lipid peroxidation due to exposure to UV light and other sources of oxidative damage
   Source: Kelly, Gregory S. "Squalene and its potential clinical uses."Alternative medicine review: a journal of clinical therapeutic4.1 (1999): 29-36.
   
   
5. Claim: Squalene has been reported to possess antioxidant properties. In vitro experimental evidence indicates that squalene is a highly effective oxygen-scavenging agent. Subsequent to oxidative stress such as sunlight exposure, squalene functions as an efficient quencher of singlet oxygen and prevents the corresponding lipid peroxidation at the human skin surface 
   Source: Saint‐Leger, D., et al. "A possible role for squalene in the pathogenesis of acne. II. In vivo study of squalene oxides in skin surface and intra‐comedonal lipids of acne patients."British Journal of Dermatology114.5 (1986): 543-552.
   
   
6. Claim: During the past few years, squalene was found to show protective activities against several carcinogens
   Source: Senthilkumar, Subramanian, et al. "Effect of squalene on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity."Clinica Chimica Acta364.1-2 (2006): 335-342.
   
   
7. Claim: First, Squalene appeared to increase the production of IL-10.  Moreover, IL-4 and IL-13 were enhanced by Squalene, both of which, in addition to IL-10, are the main cytokines that promote M2 anti-inflammatory polarization in macrophages [13]. 
   Source: Sánchez-Quesada, Cristina, et al. "Squalene stimulates a key innate immune cell to foster wound healing and tissue repair."Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine2018 (2018).
   
   
8. Claim: In human mammary epithelial cells (MCF10A), squalene decreased intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species levels, prevented H2O2-induced oxidative injury, and protected against oxidative DNA damage
   Source: F. Warleta, M. Campos, Y. Allouche, C. Sanchez-Quesada, J. Ruiz-Mora, G. Beltran, J. J. Gaforio, Food Chem Toxicol 2010, 48, 1092.
   
   
9. Claim: Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species reduction DNA damage protection against oxidation. 
   Source: Skorkowska-Telichowska, Katarzyna, et al. "Emulsions made of oils from seeds of GM flax protect V79 cells against oxidative stress."Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity2016 (2016).
   
   
10. Claim: Team studied the protective effect of shark liver oil. They observed a significant protection against bacterial and fungal infections by shark liver oil treatment which contains mostly squalene and alkylglycerol.
    Source: Nowicki, Roman, and Wioletta Barańska-Rybak. "Shark liver oil as a supporting therapy in atopic dermatitis."Polski merkuriusz lekarski: organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego22.130 (2007): 312-313.

1. Antioxidant Protection: Sweet orange essential oil contains compounds like limonene and citral, which possess antioxidant properties. These antioxidants help protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals, environmental stressors, and UV radiation, thereby promoting a youthful and radiant complexion.

2. Anti-Aging Effects: The antioxidant activity of sweet orange essential oil can also help reduce the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, and age spots by neutralizing free radicals and promoting collagen synthesis, thus improving skin elasticity and firmness.

3. Skin Brightening: Sweet orange essential oil contains natural skin-brightening properties that can help lighten dark spots, hyperpigmentation, and uneven skin tone. It inhibits the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin coloration, resulting in a more even complexion.

4. Anti-Inflammatory Action: The anti-inflammatory compounds present in sweet orange essential oil, such as limonene and linalool, can help reduce redness, swelling, and irritation associated with inflammatory skin conditions like acne, eczema, and dermatitis.

5. Natural Cleanser: Sweet orange essential oil possesses mild astringent properties, making it an effective natural cleanser for the skin. It helps remove excess oil, dirt, and impurities from the pores, preventing acne breakouts and promoting a clear complexion.

1. Claim: A flavonoid highly present in diverse citrus fruits—particularly in orange peels—is hesperidin...This flavonoid is structurally defined by an aglycone known as “hesperetin”, which binds to it a 7-positioned 6-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-D-glucose moiety via a glycosidic linkage. Hesperidin is considered a compound of extreme interest, since it presents a wide range of potentially valuable properties to the skin, including antioxidant, photoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antibacterial activities

Source: Rodrigues, Cristina V., and Manuela Pintado. "Hesperidin from Orange Peel as a Promising Skincare Bioactive: An Overview."International Journal of Molecular Sciences25.3 (2024): 1890.

2. Claim: The orange-peel derived terpene d-Limonene, probably through its metabolite, perillyl alcohol (POH), has been reported to have tissue-repair properties.

Source: A d'Alessio, Patrizia, et al. "Skin repair properties of d-Limonene and perillyl alcohol in murine models."Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Allergy Agents)13.1 (2014): 29-35.

3. Claim (1): Hesperidin and naringin are two flavonoids that work synergistically to increase the antioxidant activity of Orange Peel Oil. Additional oxidative stress resistance is provided by the polyphenolic components. Its several methods of action are what give Orange Peel Oil its effectiveness as an antioxidant.

Claim (2): Orange Peel Oil effectively inhibits gram-negative bacteria as compared to gram-positive bacteria due to the thick layer of peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria. Our findings are in parallel with [other studies] where tamarillo peel essential oil demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria while gram-positive bacteria is resistant towards the bioactive compounds in essential oils.

Source: Felicia, Wen Xia Ling, et al. "Optimisation of supercritical fluid extraction of orange (Citrus sinenis L.) peel essential oil and its physicochemical properties."Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry8 (2024): 100410.

1. Moisturization and Emollience: Tallow is rich in fatty acids, including oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. These fatty acids help to lock in moisture, creating a barrier on the skin that prevents water loss and keeps the skin hydrated. Tallow's emollient properties can leave the skin feeling soft, smooth, and radiant.

2. Nutrient Supply and Natural Fat Compatibility: Tallow contains fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K2. These vitamins have antioxidant properties and can contribute to skin health by protecting against oxidative stress, supporting collagen production, and aiding in skin repair. Tallow's fatty acid composition is most similar to the natural lipids found in human skin. This similarity makes it easier for tallow to be absorbed and integrated into the skin, potentially leading to improved skin texture and appearance.

3. Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Some studies suggest that tallow may have anti-inflammatory properties, which could be beneficial for individuals with sensitive or inflamed skin conditions. The soothing effects of tallow may help calm redness and irritation. Common inflammatory skin conditions include eczema, psoriasis, rashes, sunburns, and hives.

4. Non-Comedogenic: Tallow is considered non-comedogenic, meaning it is unlikely to clog pores or contribute to acne breakouts. This can be particularly advantageous for those with oily or acne-prone skin.

5. Harsh Environment Protection: Traditionally, tallow has been used by people living in cold and harsh climates to protect their skin from extreme weather conditions. Its protective and moisturizing properties make it suitable for providing a shield against harsh elements. Being fat-based, harsh conditions won’t cause the tallow to evaporate off the skin.

1. Claim: The macronutrients include water, high-value protein and fat comprising saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The micronutrients in beef and edible offal include haeme iron; zinc; selenium; and vitamins D, B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxin) and B12 (cobalamin). All these nutrients play a critical role in human physiological functions and deficiencies in any of them can cause disorders or diseases.

Source: Li, Chunbao.The role of beef in human nutrition and health. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2017.

2. Claim: Beef contains high amounts of minerals, mainly phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and zinc. Also, Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), in particular its cis-9 trans-11 and trans-9 cis-11 isomers, is one of the substances with health-supporting properties. Synthesized solely in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants, CLA reaches the blood stream and is used by the mammary gland to synthesize milk fat. CLA is embedded in the animal's adipose tissue. There is a large body of research confirming CLA's ability to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and obesity, and to lower cholesterol levels. When incorporated into the human diet in the amount of 1.5 to 3.5 g, CLA exerts anticarcinogenic effects (it inhibits the development of breast cancer, malignant melanoma, colorectal cancer and lung cancer). CLA prevents and alleviates the symptoms of type 2 diabetes; it is a powerful antioxidant and it boosts immunity.

Source: Miciński, J., Zwierzchowski, G., Kowalski, I. M., Wojtkiewicz, J., & Szarek, J. (2012). Health-supporting properties of beef.

1. Antioxidant Properties: Vanilla contains antioxidants that help protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals, environmental pollutants, and UV radiation. These antioxidants can help prevent premature aging signs such as wrinkles, fine lines, and age spots.

2. Anti-inflammatory Effects: Vanilla possesses anti-inflammatory properties that can help soothe and calm irritated skin. It may be beneficial for individuals with inflammatory skin conditions such as acne, eczema, and dermatitis.

3. Skin Hydration: Vanilla extract is often used in skincare products for its moisturizing properties. It helps hydrate the skin, leaving it feeling soft, smooth, and nourished.

4. Aromatherapy Benefits: The pleasant aroma of vanilla has a calming and comforting effect on the mind and body. Incorporating vanilla-scented skincare products into your routine can enhance relaxation and reduce stress levels, promoting overall well-being.

5. Anti-bacterial Properties: Vanilla contains compounds that exhibit antibacterial activity, which can help inhibit the growth of acne-causing bacteria on the skin, potentially reducing the occurrence of breakouts.

1. Claim (1): Treatment with Vanilla extracts and compounds was found to significantly increased the synthesis levels of collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid in skin fibroblasts within safety concentrations

Claim (2): Pretreatment with Vanilla extracts and compounds significantly improved cell viability and protected both types of skin cells. Under the UV-induced photoaging or photodamage model, Vanilla extracts and compounds1 demonstrated an effective UV protective effect.

Claim (3): [This study's] results confirm that two phenolic glucosides that exist in Vanilla [V. Pompona] leaves and stems possess significant elastase inhibitory activity while significantly promoting the synthesis of various types of extra-cellular matrix in dermal fibroblasts

Source: Wang, Duanyang, et al. "Vanilla pompona leaves and stems as new sources of bioactive compounds: the therapeutic potential for skin senescence."Planta medica89.13 (2023): 1259-1268.

2. Claim: [This study] concludes the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of vanilla leaf extracts against A431 cells. The antiproliferative effects of vanilla leaf extract was shown in a dose dependent manner. Vanilla leaf extract might contain the lead molecule which may be developed as chemotherapeutic agent for treating skin cancer of squamous cell carcinoma type.

Source: Vijaybabu, K., and K. Punnagai. "In-vitro anti-proliferative effects of ethanolic extract of vanilla planifolia leaf extract against A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells."Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal12.3 (2019): 1141-1146.

1. Stimulates Collagen Production: Retinol stimulates the production of collagen, a protein essential for maintaining the skin's structure and elasticity. Increased collagen production can help reduce the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines, resulting in smoother, firmer skin.

2. Enhances Skin Renewal: Retinol accelerates the skin's natural exfoliation process, promoting the shedding of dead skin cells and the turnover of new, healthy skin cells. This leads to improved skin texture, tone, and radiance.

3. Reduces Hyperpigmentation: Retinol can help fade dark spots, sunspots, and other forms of hyperpigmentation by inhibiting the production of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin coloration. This results in a more even skin tone.

4. Minimizes Acne: Retinol helps regulate oil production and prevents the formation of clogged pores, making it an effective treatment for acne. It also has anti-inflammatory properties that can reduce redness and swelling associated with acne breakouts.

5. Improves Skin Texture: Regular use of retinol can lead to smoother, softer skin with a more refined texture. It helps diminish the appearance of rough patches, acne scars, and other surface imperfections.

1. Claim: Retinoids, besides their success in APL (acute promyelocytic leukemia) therapy, are also widely used in the treatment of skin diseases such as skin cancer, psoriasis, acne, ichthyosis, and even wrinkles because of their effects on cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis 
   Source:  (1). Coombs C.C., Tavakkoli M., Tallman M.S. Acute promyelocytic leukemia: Where did we start, where are we now, and the future. Blood Cancer J. 2015;5:e304. doi: 10.1038/bcj.2015.25. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar](2). Lee D.-D., Stojadinovic O., Krzyzanowska A., Vouthounis C., Blumenberg M., Tomic-Canic M. Retinoid-Responsive Transcriptional Changes in Epidermal Keratinocytes. J. Cell. Physiol. 2009;220:427–439. doi: 10.1002/jcp.21784. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar](3). Castleberry S.A., Hammond P.T., Quadir M.A. Nano-Fibular Nanoparticle Polymer-Drug Conjugate for Sustained Dermal Delivery of Retinoids. 0185513 A1. U.S. Patent. 2018 Jul 5.
   
   
2. Claim: Furthermore, vitamin A treatment was shown to decrease the level of nitric oxide production in a dose-dependent effect (p < 0.05), exhibiting the anti-inflammatory property of vitamin A in accelerating wound healing. These results may reveal the therapeutic potential of vitamin A in diabetic wound healing by stimulating regeneration, angiogenesis, and anti-inflammation responses.
   Source: Neghab HK, Soheilifar MH, Djavid GE. An in vitro model for investigation of vitamin A effects on wound healing. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2021 Sep;91(5-6):385-390. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000692. Epub 2021 Jan 4. PMID: 33390034.
   
   
3. Claim: In vitro, cell-surface antigens of T- and natural killer cells have been reported to increase after retinoid exposure
   Source: Prabhala RH, Maxey V, Hicks MJ, Watson RR. Enhancement of the expression of activation markers on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by in vitro culture with retinoids and carotenoids.  J Leukocyte Biol. 1989;  45 249-254
   
   
4. Claim: Retinoid effects on connective tissue metabolism are considered to be of paramount importance for a number of therapeutic indications, including their administration in preventing or repairing skin aging
   Source: Reichrath J, Lehmann B, Carlberg C, Varani J, Zouboulis CC. Vitamins as hormones. Horm Metab Res. 2007 Feb;39(2):71-84. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-958715. PMID: 17326003.
   
   
5. Claim: Along with these specific effects on collagen metabolism, retinoid treatment also stimulates proliferation of dermal fibroblasts, thus fostering additional collagen production. Retinoid-mediated effects on cell function can be seen in human skin after as little as 4-7 days of topical treatment 
   Source: Varani J, Warner RL, Phan SH, Datta SC, Fisher GJ, Voorhees JJ. Vitamin A antagonizes decreased cell growth, and elevated collagen-degrading matrix metalloproteinases and stimulates collagen accumulation in naturally-aged human skin.  J Invest Dermatol. 2000;  114 480-486
   
   
6. Claim: Other studies have shown, in addition, that retinoid pretreatment increases the strength of the healed wound. Where retinoid use increases wound strength, there is always a concomitant increase in collagen production 
   Source:Hunt TK, Ehrlich HP, Garcia JA, Dunphy JE. Effect of vitamin A on reversing the inhibitory effect of cortisone on healing of open wounds in animals and man.  Ann Surg. 1969;  170 633-641

1. Promotes Wound Healing: Vitamin D3 plays a role in promoting wound healing by enhancing the production of antimicrobial peptides and facilitating the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, the predominant cells in the epidermis.

2. Anti-inflammatory Effects: Vitamin D3 exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, which may help alleviate symptoms of inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, and acne. It modulates the immune response and reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

3. Supports Skin Barrier Function: Vitamin D3 contributes to the maintenance of the skin's barrier function by regulating the expression of proteins involved in epidermal differentiation and lipid synthesis. This helps protect the skin from environmental stressors and prevents transepidermal water loss.

4. Protects Against UV Damage: Vitamin D3 has been suggested to provide some level of protection against UV-induced skin damage, although this effect is not as significant as that of sunscreen. It may help modulate the skin's response to UV radiation and reduce oxidative stress.

1. Claim: The group who received the vitamin D3 supplementation significantly improved dryness compared to the subjects who received treatment without vitamin D3 
   Source: Russell M. Assessing the relationship between vitamin D3 and stratum corneum hydration for the treatment of xerotic skin. Nutrients. 2012;4(9):1213–8. doi: 10.3390/nu4091213. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
   
   
2. Claim: Further, it has been proven that topical administration of active vitamin D3 (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) and its analogues can be used as first-line treatment for plaque psoriasis 
   Source: Segaert S, Ropke M. The biological rationale for use of vitamin d analogs in combination with corticosteroids for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12(8):e129–37. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]
   
   
3. Claim: There has been research showing that vitamin D serum deficiency could be related to severity of atopic dermatitis, as skin barrier dysfunction
   Source: :Peroni D.G., Piacentini G.L., Cametti E., Chinellato I., Boner A.L. Correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and severity of atopic dermatitis in children. Br. J. Dermatol. 2011;164:1078–1082. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10147.x.
   
   
4. Claim: Vitamin D analogs have been shown to increase filaggrin expression
   Source: Reichrath J., Müller S.M., Kerber A., Baum H.P., Bahmer F.A. Biologic effects of topical calcipotriol (MC 903) treatment in psoriatic skin. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1997;36:19–28. doi: 10.1016/S0190-9622(97)70320-7.
   
   
5. Claim: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D mainly controls increased proliferation; regulates keratinocyte differentiation; inhibits the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and IFN-c; and increases anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, which helps to control the inflammatory process in psoriasis pathogenesis
   Source: Özge Aşkın, Tuğba Kevser Üstünbaş Uzunçakmak, Neval Altunkalem, Yalçın Tüzün, Vitamin deficiencies/hypervitaminosis and the skin, Clinics in Dermatology, Volume 39, Issue 5, 2021,Pages 847-857,ISSN 0738-081X,

1. Wound Healing: Vitamin K2 plays a role in blood clotting, which is essential for wound healing. It helps to activate proteins that are involved in the coagulation process, leading to faster and more efficient healing of cuts, bruises, and other injuries to the skin.

2. Reduced Bruising: Some research suggests that vitamin K2 may help reduce the appearance of bruises by promoting faster healing of damaged blood vessels. This can be particularly beneficial for individuals prone to bruising, such as those with fragile or thin skin.

3. Skin Elasticity: Vitamin K2 may support skin health by helping to maintain elasticity. This can contribute to smoother, firmer skin and may help reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, promoting a more youthful complexion.

1. Claim: The effects produced by the topical Vitamin K showed a significant (P< 0.05) healing when compared with Eucerin group in parameters such as wound contraction and time to full recovery.

Source: Pazyar, N., Houshmand, G., Yaghoobi, R., Hemmati, A. A., Zeineli, Z., & Ghorbanzadeh, B. (2019). Wound healing effects of topical Vitamin K: A randomized controlled trial.Indian Journal of Pharmacology,51(2), 88-92.

2. Claim: Vitamin K2 is suggested to have a suppressive effect on the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of pediatric atopic dermatitis patients.

Source: Zhang, Meiyu, et al. "Vitamin K2 suppresses proliferation and inflammatory cytokine production in mitogen-activated lymphocytes of atopic dermatitis patients through the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases."Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin44.1 (2021): 7-17.

3. Claim: The acceleration of wound healing processes promoted by vitamin K is probably secondary to its ability to increase wound contraction and improve the epithelialization process and the formation of fibroblasts, collagen fibers, and blood vessels. Moreover, vitamin k seems to improve wound healing thanks to its antioxidant capacity, eliminating reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Source: Dattola, A., Silvestri, M., Bennardo, L., Passante, M., Scali, E., Patruno, C., & Nisticò, S. P. (2020). Role of vitamins in skin health: A systematic review.Current nutrition reports,9, 226-235.

1. Cell Production and Renewal: Vitamin B12 is essential for DNA synthesis and cell division, including the rapid turnover of skin cells. Adequate levels of vitamin B12 support the production of new skin cells, contributing to healthy skin renewal and repair processes.

2. Wound Healing: Vitamin B12 is involved in the synthesis of proteins necessary for wound healing, such as collagen. Collagen is a structural protein that provides strength and elasticity to the skin. Vitamin B12 deficiency can impair collagen production, leading to delayed wound healing and potentially increasing the risk of skin infections.

3. Skin Tone and Pigmentation: Vitamin B12 deficiency may result in changes in skin pigmentation, leading to a condition called hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation. Hyperpigmentation causes dark patches or spots on the skin, while hypopigmentation leads to lighter areas. Ensuring adequate vitamin B12 levels can help maintain a healthy balance of skin pigmentation, contributing to even skin tone.

4. Moisture Retention: Vitamin B12 supports the function of sebaceous glands, which produce sebum, the skin's natural moisturizer. Adequate sebum production helps keep the skin hydrated and prevents dryness and flakiness. Vitamin B12 deficiency may contribute to dry, rough skin due to decreased sebum production.

5. Reduction of Inflammation: Vitamin B12 has anti-inflammatory properties that may help soothe irritated or inflamed skin conditions, such as acne, eczema, or psoriasis. While more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms involved, maintaining sufficient vitamin B12 levels may support overall skin health by reducing inflammation.

6. Protection Against Environmental Damage: Vitamin B12 possesses antioxidant properties, which help neutralize free radicals generated by environmental factors like UV radiation, pollution, and stress. By reducing oxidative stress, vitamin B12 may help protect the skin from premature aging, wrinkles, and other signs of environmental damage.

1. Claim: Vitamin B12 has been shown to be useful for repigmentation in patients suffering from vitiligo. Folic acid (or vitamin B9) has been proven to be significant for treating vitiligo. It needs to be included in the diet as the body cannot synthesize it. According to an original study conducted in the Birmingham Medical Center, the University of Alabama, 15 patients diagnosed with vitiligo were reported to have low levels of Vitamin B12 and B9. After administering eight of these patients with vitamin B12 and B9 for three years, repigmentation was observed 
Source: Montes, L. F., Diaz, M. L., Lajous, J., & Garcia, N. J. (1992). Folic acid and vitamin B12 in vitiligo: a nutritional approach.Cutis,50(1), 39-42.

2. Claim: Vitamin B12 scavenges nitric oxides and ROS and thus protects various cells from inflammatory oxidative stress
Source: van de Lagemaat, E. E., de Groot, L. C., & van den Heuvel, E. G. (2019). Vitamin B12 in relation to oxidative stress: a systematic review.Nutrients,11(2), 482.

3. Claim: Skin treated with topical vitamin B12 improved significantly more than placebo eczema treated skin at 2 and 4 weeks (p = 0.02, 0.01 respectively).

Source: Januchowski, R. (2009). Evaluation of topical vitamin B12 for the treatment of childhood eczema.The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine,15(4), 387-389.

1. Wound Healing: Vitamin E supports the skin's natural healing process. It can help minimize the appearance of scars and promote the faster healing of minor cuts, burns, and abrasions.

2. Anti-Inflammatory: Vitamin E has anti-inflammatory properties that can help soothe and calm irritated or inflamed skin. It is beneficial for conditions like eczema, psoriasis, and rosacea.

3. Reduces Hyperpigmentation: Vitamin E can help fade hyperpigmentation and dark spots over time, promoting a more even skin tone. It is often used in a wide range of skin products designed to address these issues.

4. UV Protection: While not a replacement for sunscreen, Vitamin E can provide some added protection against UV damage when used in conjunction with sunscreen. It helps neutralize free radicals generated by UV rays.

5. Prevents Trans-Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL): Vitamin E helps strengthen the skin's natural barrier function, reducing the loss of moisture through the skin and maintaining hydration.

1. Claim: Regarding photoprotective effects against UVA-induced skin alterations, which are largely determined by oxidative processes, topical administration of antioxidant mixtures containing vitamin E might be particularly promising as adjuncts to modern sunscreen formulations.

Source: Thiele, Jens J., and Swarna Ekanayake-Mudiyanselage. "Vitamin E in human skin: organ-specific physiology and considerations for its use in dermatology."Molecular aspects of medicine28.5-6 (2007): 646-667.

2. Claim: In the skin, vitamin E acts as an important inhibitor of lipid peroxydation and anti-inflammatory agent. Since UV light is the main source of oxidative stress in skin tissue, vitamin E may prevent skin from the harmful short- and long term adverse effects of UV irradiation such as photoaging and tumorigenesis.

Source: Nachbar, F., and H. C. Korting. "The role of vitamin E in normal and damaged skin."Journal of Molecular Medicine73.1 (1995): 7-17.

3. Claim: Topical vitamin E has also been found to be effective in granuloma annulare. [This is a skin condition that causes a raised rash or bumps in a ring pattern].

Source: Keen, Mohammad Abid, and Iffat Hassan. "Vitamin E in dermatology."Indian dermatology online journal7.4 (2016): 311-315.

4. Claim: A subsequent single-blind clinical analysis was performed on (96) subjects to investigate the role of dietary vitamin E in atopic dermatitis [AD]. Subjects were randomly divided into a treatment group (daily 400 IU [268 mg] of vitamin E of natural origin for 8 months, n = 50) and a placebo group (n = 48). Assessments were performed at enrollment and every 2 weeks for 8 months. The results show significant improvement of several parameters in the vitamin E treated group compared to the placebo group. At the end of the study, seven subjects taking daily vitamin E showed almost complete remission of AD compared to none in the placebo group. AD was greatly improved in 23 out of 50 subjects treated with VE compared to only one subject in the PL group. A remarkable improvement in facial erythema, lichenification, and the presence of apparently normal skin was reported.

Source: Berardesca, Enzo, and Norma Cameli. "Vitamin E supplementation in inflammatory skin diseases."Dermatologic therapy34.6 (2021): e15160.

5. Claim: [The] meta-analysis showed that serum vitamin E levels were lower in patients suffering from vitiligo, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and acne. This study highlights the need to evaluate vitamin E status to improve its level in patients with skin diseases.

Source: Liu, Xiaofang, et al. "Serum vitamin E levels and chronic inflammatory skin diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis."PLoS One16.12 (2021): e0261259.